Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Intangible Creations of the Human Intellect - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 796 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Purpose of intellectual property: To encourage the creation of a large variety of intellectual goods. Gives economic incentive for their creation, Stimulates innovation and contribute to the technological progress of countries History: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intangible Creations of the Human Intellect" essay for you Create order 1624- Origins of patent law The Statute of Monopolies 1710- Origins of copyright British Statute of Anne Firmly established the concept of intellectual property. 1769- First known use of the term intellectual property Jewish law includes several considerations which are similar to modern intellectual property laws 500 BCE- government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one years patent to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury. Intellectual property rights Includes A. copyrights, patents, and trademarks B. Trade secrets, publicity rights, moral rights, rights against unfair competition. C. Artistic works like music and literature, as well as some discoveries, inventions, words, phrases, symbols, and designs A. Patents- a form of right granted by the government to an inventor or their successor-in-title, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. B. Copyright-gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or works. C. Industrial design rights(â€Å"design right or design patent) -protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. D. Plant varieties -rights to commercially use a new variety of a plant. E. Trademarks- a recognizable sign, design or expression which distinguishes products or services of a particular trader from the similar products or services of other traders. F. Trade dress- legal term of art that generally refers to characteristics of the visual and aesthetic appearance of a product or its packaging that signify the source of the product to consumers.[35] G. Trade secrets- a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors and customers. Infringement: Violation of intellectual property rights with respect to patents, copyright, and trademarks, Misappropriation: with respect to trade secrets, may be a breach of civil law or criminal law, Indian government approved its first Intellectual Property Rights Policy in May 2016 Laws: Copyrights- The Copyright Act, 1957 (as amended by the Copyright Amendment Act 2012) governs the subject of copyright law in India. Trademarks Statutory protection of trademark is administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, a government agency which reports to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Indian Patent Office is administered by the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs Trade Marks (CGPDTM). This is a subordinate office of the Government of India and administers the Indian law of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Copyright and Related Rights: The Universal Copyright Convention (with Protocols) The Geneva Treaty on International Registration of Audio-Visual Works, 1992. WIPO Copyright Treaty, 1996 WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty, 1996 Patents: Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1970 European Patent Convention (with Protocols), 1973 UPOV International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, 1991 28 February 1856- Government of India- promulgated legislation to grant what was then termed as exclusive privileges for the encouragement of inventions of new manufactures. 02 September 1856- De Penning- invention was granted the first ever Intellectual Property protection in India. Amendments to the Patents Act 1999, 2002, 2005, 2012 Indian Patent Office patent office is headquartered at Kolkata with branches in Chennai, New Delhi and Mumbai, office of the Patent Information System and National Institute for Intellectual Property Management is at Nagpur Indian Patent Office has 526 Patent Examiners, 97 Assistant Controllers, 42 Deputy Controllers, 1 Joint Controller, and 1 Senior Joint Controller Patent durationin India is 20 years from the date of filing of patent application. World Intellectual Property Day Observed annually on 26 April. was established by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2000 to raise awareness of how patents, copyright, trademarks and designs impact on daily life and to celebrate creativity, and the contribution made by creators and innovators to the development of societies across the globe 26 April was chosen as the date for World Intellectual Property Day because it coincides with the date on which the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization entered into force in 1970. Themes: 2001 – Creating the Future Today 2002 – Encouraging Creativity 2003 – Make Intellectual Property Your Business 2004 – Encouraging Creativity 2005 – Think, Imagine, Create 2006 – It Starts With An Idea 2007 – Encouraging Creativity 2008 – Celebrating innovation and promoting respect for intellectual property 2009 – Green Innovation 2010 – Innovation – Linking the World 2011 – Designing the Future 2012 – Visionary Innovators 2013 – Creativity – The Next Generation 2014 – Movies – a Global Passion 2015 – Get Up, Stand Up. For Music. 2016 – Digital Creativity: Culture Reimagined 2017 – Innovation – Improving Lives 2018 – Powering Change: Women in Innovation and Creativity

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Rhetorical Analysis Of Solace By Earl Sweatshirt - 1901 Words

For my rhetorical analysis, I will be looking at Solace by earl sweatshirt and the message he is giving in relation to mental health and how it affects a person physically and not just mentally. This message is very well in line with his general audience as many of them enjoy hearing about his mental health and knowing that someone they look up to has gone through the same thing or similar things that they have. Oftentimes, audiences of Earl, or audiences of Hip-Hop in general enjoy the often-unadulterated view of events that hip-hop can offer the listener, and this is entirely the same for mental health. Earl used the fact that people wanted something more graphic in terms of a project about mental health and made a project in which he†¦show more content†¦As for the project itself, solace starts out with a haunting and distorted voice chanting â€Å"I’ve been here before† and then dives directly into his view on life as well as a statement of his struggles. His statement, â€Å"Late for everything my face to the cement, that’s how I always seen it.† Shows that he thinks life isn’t leading anywhere and his mental health will not let him believe otherwise. He then follows this with the statement, â€Å"I spent days faded and anemic, you could see it in my face I ain’t been eatin’ I’m just wastin’ away.† Meaning that to get a break from his depression and anxiety he would cope with marijuana while also neglecting basic needs like food which happens very often for people having a depressive episode, following this he compares himself to River Phoenix, a popular actor in the late 20th century who died at the age of 23 by heart failure caused by his drug use, and through this comparison Earl states he knows that his drug habits are probably going to put him in a grave early but it’s his coping mechanism and he cannot find any other way of handling it. This idea is further referen ced at the end of the verse of part 1, â€Å"One foot stuck in a tar pit of my ways.† After the self-comparison with River Phoenix, Earl states, â€Å"When they drag me out the gutter mail the ashes to my mother† He is using this to say how much he knows his coping mechanisms are ruining his body but he wants his mother to know what happened even if it takes

Monday, December 9, 2019

Investigation on the Privacy and Security issues in Cloud Computing

Question: Discuss about the Investigation on the Privacy and Security issues in Cloud Computing. Answer: Cloud computing is an advanced information techniques to store anything at anywhere, just like keeping everything in the cloud. It is a paradigm of information technology to retain data over the internet rather than hard drive of a computer (Mell and Grance, 2011). In other words, a term cloud computing came by the concept of accessing anything in an application of "the cloud" without any requisites to be made by user to store in any specified place to expand access to an information (Armbrust et.al. 2010). The services of cloud computing provides several glance of computing. These glances include aiding to lower down costs of any large capital expenses on upgrading hardware, ease to cope with any future requirement, soothes an efficiency of business affairs, create an innovative and improved project in IT sector and so on. Eventually it a latest entry efficient technology that attracts multiple numbers of cloud service providers and it is truly connate as real game changer for technology sector (Qian, Luo and Guo, 2009). The important link to cloud computing is a subject of privacy and security concerns. At the widest level, privacy termed as a most crucial human right that comprehends the right to isolation. In the context of marketable view, privacy demands the shield for the consumer of cloud computing. For every organisation, privacy brings the applicability of various legislation, governmental strategies, and ethics to maintain privacy on individuals data. It is very significant requirement to consider any risk or threat to privacy in the cloud computing. Vital steps requisite to protect privacy threat include managing all minute information of a consumer by way of gathering, relocating, handling, allocating or storing. Nevertheless, privacy is a core element to protect every individual social network as it may cause severe attack on their secrecy. The issue is data proliferation and inadequate data flow in Trans-border- data proliferation is an inbuilt feature of cloud computing where issue arise in a case when an application of cloud computing unable to control multiple data centres of owners ((Chen and Zhao 2012). Trans-border data flow entails a difficulty in assessing a cloud based environments among multiple users at one time. Just as privacy, a security is another vital aspect in the perimeter of cloud computing. A perimeter of security establishes assurance limit within any individuals control resources are figured and subtle data is kept and handled (Ren and Wang, 2012). Nevertheless, security is treated as a grave barrier in the success of cloud computing. The main issue in concern of security in cloud computing is that lack of Standardization. There is no proper standardisation among communication between user and within cloud computing sources. Such lack in standardization establishes difficult grounds for best security practices. Another facet of cloud computing affected mainly in four main segments of issues that are divided as following Ethical Issues The ethical issues are inspired by Kantianism theory and Consequentialism theory. Both the theories focus on the general perspective of individual ethical values. According to Kantianism theory, an action does not depend on the consequences of the action of rightness or wrongness but depends on an individual will that whether he shall fulfil his duty or not. While, the Consequentialism theory deals with a consequences of actions whose outcome of an action is right for the benefits of a public. For example, the stakeholder like cloud service providers entitled to have a rightful access of their consumers personal details but they are also burdened by the allegation on the matter of compromising their consumers personal details. Thus, theres always a possibility in a risk of security and privacy in a conditions such as data theft, leakage of secured data and loss of users trust in cloud computing stakeholders (Yang, and Tate, 2012). Social Issues .When one completely put a trust and reliability on the cloud services creates a social issue regard to privacy and security concerns. Other problem highlights when a consumer of cloud services shared his data with stakeholders of cloud. Consequently a consumer suffers outages for non-technical reasons such as issue on target of regulatory actions (Dlodlo, 2011). These situations create social issues due to reckless behaviour of stakeholders of a cloud. The clouds services are considered as a big threat on security concern as it creates complicated and distributed networking services. It also creates risk factor on reliability of cloud services as it retains concealed data of consumer. Professional Issues Every organization is liable to follow a basic standards or norms to protect ambit of individuals privacy and security. As per text of Gartner, a proper investigation should be conduct in cloud computing (Brodkin, 2008). As per UK BCS, the professional issues of cloud computing deals mainly with four codes of conduct Public interest- a public interest lies mainly in subject of health, privacy, security and public welfare. It emphasised to support certain factor like recognizing legitimate rights of third parties. Its aim to evade discrimination of sex, age, caste, creed, colour etc. Professional competence and integrity-It includes upgrading of self-knowledge and skills. It enhances understanding over legislation of information technology in order to implement professional responsibilities, respect and avoiding any malicious action of any unethical activities like bribery. Duty to relevant authority- a professional duty includes performance of responsibility with due care and diligence, avoiding of any conflict of interest, acceptance of responsibility, non-disclosure of any credential information to a third party and avoidance of misrepresentation to products, system and cloud services. Duty to the profession- duty of the profession includes acceptance of personal duty, upholding of the professional value, improving professional standards by participation, an act with integrity, respect to professional relationships, informing members of chartered institute about conviction of criminal offence like bankruptcy or disqualification of a company director and lastly one must support or encourage colleagues in the development of professional ethics. Legal issues Several Legislations supports a privacy and security concern in United Kingdom (Millard, 2013). These are Computer Misuse Act (1990) is an act framed to prohibit or deter criminal access of computer systems. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) is a law provide the right to right to use information from the UK government.. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) an act provides protection to the sectors like literature, drama, music and art. Public Interest Disclosure Act (1998) safeguard whistle-blowers from negative treatment given by their own company. The Human Rights Act (1998) an act includes the safeguard of privacy and security concerns of every individual. The Data Protection Act (1998) is the most distinguished legislation whose object is to safeguard the peculiar data of every individual in United Kingdom. (Svantesson and Clarke, 2010). The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations (E-Privacy Regulation) provide particular right of privacy in regard to public access of mobile networks over the internet (Riach, 2007). Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (2000) - an act primarily objects is to control, regulate and monitor any inception of online communication (Taylor et. al., 2010). In conclusion, the investigation in cloud computing on a privacy and security concerns deals primarily with an obligation on Cloud providers and cloud computing organization to put every endeavour to protect the issues of privacy and security of every individuals personal data. In precise, it is vital requisite to adopt an appropriate cloud computing systems that aim to ensure user that privacy and security shall not be illegitimately negotiated. A need of responsible management of individuals data must be a key factor to create the faith in the consumer of cloud amenities. Such responsibility can be enhanced by implementing a several policies in favour of consumer. Undoubtedly, cloud computing deals with many advantages to scale any rapid expansion in data protection but still requires spectator over its implication of services in reference of privacy and security concerns. References Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R., Rabkin, A., and Zaharia, M., 2010. A view of cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,53(4), pp.50-58. Brodkin J, 2008, Gartner: Seven cloud-computing security risks, Infoworld, viewed 31 October 2017, from https://www.infoworld.com/article/2652198/security/gartner--seven-cloud-computing-security-risks.html?page=2 Chen, D. and Zhao, H., 2012, March. Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Mell, P. and Grance, T., 2011. The NIST definition of cloud computing. Millard, C.J. ed., 2013.Cloud computing law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Qian, L., Luo, Z., Du, Y. and Guo, L., 2009. Cloud computing: An overview.Cloud computing, pp.626-631. Ren, K., and Wang, Q., 2012. Security challenges for the public cloud.IEEE Internet Computing,16(1), pp.69-73. Riach, E., 2007. The Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive.NEW LAW JOURNAL,1(7071), pp.379-380. Svantesson, D. and Clarke, R., 2010. Privacy and consumer risks in cloud computing.Computer law security review,26(4), pp.391-397. Taylor, M., Haggerty, J., Gresty, D. and Hegarty, R., 2010. Digital evidence in cloud computing systems.Computer Law Security Review,26(3), pp.304-308. Dlodlo, N., 2011. Legal, privacy, security, access and regulatory issues in cloud computing. InProceedings of the European Conference on Information Management Evaluation (pp. 161-168). Yang, H. and Tate, M., 2012. A descriptive literature review and classification of cloud computing research.CAIS,31, p.2.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Stds Essays - Sexually Transmitted Diseases And Infections

Std's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sex is a popular subject; it is on television, in advertisements, in magazines, and practically everywhere. One very serious side effect of an increase of sexual activity is the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. They affect more than twelve million Americans each year. Sexually transmitted diseases are becoming common and widely spread throughout Americans because of unprotected sex, permiscuity, and multiple sex partners. Some of the most commonly found sexually transmitted diseases are gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, and syphilis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates there are six hundred-fifty thousand new infections of gonorrhea in the United States each year. (Ultimate Guide: Gonorrhea par.2) Gonorrhea is a very common bacterial sexually transmitted disease. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and is also one of the oldest known human diseases. In the second century A.D., the Greek physician Galer first gave it the name Gonorrhea, which means, flow of seed in Greek, as the discharge from the penis (actually pus) was thought to be semen. (Jackson 68) Gonorrhea can be transmitted by vaginal, anal, or oral sex. According to James K. Jackson, men often will have a burning discomfort at the tip of the penis during urination and a discharge of pus from the urethal opening, after being contaminated with gonorrhea. In women symptoms usually include increased vaginal discharge, painful or difficult urination, pain during or following intercourse, and bleeding between periods. (Ultimate Guide: Gonorrhea par.4) Gonorrhea can be easily detected by urine, or by taking tissue samples from the infected area. Gonorrhea can be cured, by simply taking some antibiotics. Chlamydia is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates there are three million new infections in the United each year. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par.2) Chlamydia is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease. This organism, a very small bacterium, gets its name from the Greek word chlamys, meaning, cloak. It must cloak itself inside a cell to multiply. The infection is often persistent and relatively silent for long periods, because the cell provides camouflage for the germ. (Jackson 73) Chlamydia is mainly transmitted through anal and vaginal sex with an infected partner. It is also possible, but not very common to spread chlamydia through oral sex. Another way it can be transmitted is from an infected mother to her newborn child during birth. People can get eye infections from chlamydia if an infected bodily fluid reaches the eye during sex. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par.3) Symptoms of the infection appear in seven to twenty-one days. Chlamydia, often called the silent sexually transmitted disease, does not show any symptoms at all. Symptoms can include abnormal fluid discharge from the penis or vagina, pain or burning during urination, testicular pain, vaginal bleeding, bleeding after or pain during intercourse, rectal inflammation, rectal discharge, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par.4) In women, if chlamydia is left untreated it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. (Dudley 6) In men, chlamydia can infl ame the testicles and cause the testicle to vas deferens. This inflammation can result in infertility. (WebMD: Facts of Chlamydia par.5) Testing for chlamydia can be done with a urine test or by collecting a sample of tissue from the vagina, cervix, or urethra. (Ultimate Guide: Chlamydia par. 7) Chlamydia can be treated by antibiotics to cure the infection. (Jackson 75) In 1997 alone, HIV/AIDS associated illnesses caused the deaths of approximately two point five million people worldwide. (WebMD: HIV/AIDS par.2) A recent issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) offered the following comment: Any maypole erected today ought to be covered with a condom. That is the conclusion one might well reach after talking with physicians And others concerned with expression of sexuality Sheathing the Ancient fertility symbol would negate its raison de^tre, but it Would surely focus attention on the horrific truth that the male member May now convey the seeds of death as well as life. HIV/AIDS can be contracted through anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse. These diseases can also be contracted through the use of dirty needles. (Ultimate Guide:HIV/AIDS par1) HIV, human immunodefiency virus, is the virus that causes aids(acquired immune defiency